search for



Severe Injuries in Elite Korean Male Wrestlers: A Comparison Study between Wrestling Styles
Korean J Sports Med 2024;42:105-112
Published online June 1, 2024;  https://doi.org/10.5763/kjsm.2024.42.2.105
© 2024 The Korean Society of Sports Medicine.

Sangcheol Yoo1, Sewoon Yoon2, Munku Song3,4

1Sports Health Care Education, Westminster Graduate School of Theology, Yongin, 2Division of Sports Science, College of Health Science, Suwon University, Hwaseong, 3College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 4Department of Sports Medicine, Samsung Training Center, Yongin, Korea
Correspondence to: Munku Song
College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Korea
Tel: +82-31-299-6923, Fax: +82-31-889-1582
E-mail: somogo@skku.edu
Received January 11, 2024; Revised March 28, 2024; Accepted March 31, 2024.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to examine the experience of severe knee, shoulder, and ankle injuries in elite Korean male wrestlers, focusing on a comparison between Greco-Roman (GR) and freestyle (FS) wrestling.
Methods: A total of 90 wrestlers (46 GR and 44 FS aged 24.8±3.7 years) who participated in the national team selection tournament voluntarily participated in this study, selected by random sampling. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect data on severe injuries to the knee, shoulder, and ankle that resulted in a time loss of ≥3 weeks.
Results: Approximately 41% of all participants experienced severe injuries to the knee, 21% to the shoulder, and 30% to the ankle. FS wrestlers were significantly more likely to experience severe knee injuries than GR wrestlers (p<0.001), and they tended to require more time to return to play. Significant differences in specific maneuvers that caused severe knee (p<0.001), shoulder (p=0.011), and ankle (p=0.002) injuries were observed by wrestling style.
Conclusion: The current findings indicate that the patterns of severe injuries in wrestling may vary by wrestling style, emphasizing the importance of developing wrestling style-specific injury prevention and management strategies.
Keywords : Wrestling, Knee Injuries, Shoulder Injuries, Ankle Injuries, Return to Play
Introduction

Wrestling is a full-contact sport in which two players compete in physical contact within a circular arena 9 m in diameter1. Players repeatedly perform fast and aggressive maneuvers such as takedowns, riding, reversals, escapes, and bar-arm defense to gain scores or avoid losing points2. For this reason, wrestling is classified as a sport with a high risk of time loss (TL) injuries, especially compared to other sports3,4.

An analysis of NCAA ISP data from 2009–2010 to 2014–2015 revealed that wrestling had the highest incidence rate of severe injuries among 25 sports5. Notably, the incidence rate of severe injuries was 1.73 per 1,000 athlete exposures (AEs), accounting for approximately 14.2% of all wrestling injuries5. Moreover, injuries requiring surgery were estimated at 1.4 per 1,000 exposures6. Notably, severe injuries resulting in prolonged loss of time were more likely to occur in the knee, shoulder, and ankle6-8.

In international competitions, there are two distinct styles of wrestling: freestyle and Greco-Roman9. The most significant difference between the two styles is in the body parts allowed to attack the opponent’s body. Greco-Roman wrestling prohibits grabbing an opponent below the waist or using the legs to squeeze the opponent2. Because of these rule differences, there are some discrepancies in injury patterns between the two wrestling styles10,11.

Severe injuries underscore the critical importance of prevention as they detrimentally impact athletes in multiple dimensions4,12-15. To our knowledge, previous studies addressing TL injuries in wrestling have only provided broad information about common injury sites, mechanisms, and types5,7,9,16. Namely, they did not provide detailed information such as specific diagnoses, return to play (RTP) times, and specific activities at the time of injury regarding injuries sustained by wrestlers. Therefore, this study aimed to provide detailed information on the severe injuries experienced by elite wrestlers based on wrestling style.

Methods

1. Study design and participants

Approximately 180 wrestlers participated in the tournament to select the Korean national team for the 2022 Asian Games. Among them, 90 male wrestlers from collegiate and professional levels, including 46 Greco-Roman and 44 freestyle, voluntarily participated in this study. Table 1 shows the general characteristics of the study participants. The mean age of the participants was 24.8±3.7 years, with a mean of 11.3±3.7 years of elite athletic career. The players had an average height of 171.8±7.0 cm and a weight of 74.9±11.6 kg. All participants were elite athletes affiliated with collegiate and professional teams officially registered with the Korea Wrestling Federation at the time of participation in the study.

Table 1 . General characteristics of study participants

Characteristic OverallGreco-RomanFreestylep-value
No. of patients904644
Age (yr)24.8±3.724.2±5.225.3±4.60.294
Height (cm)171.8±7.0172.5±6.9171.1±7.10.320
Weight (kg)74.9±11.675.5±12.874.4±10.30.678
Career (yr)11.3±3.710.7±3.411.9±3.90.116
Weight class
Light68 (75.6)31 (67.4)37 (84.1)0.065
Heavy22 (24.4)15 (32.6)7 (15.9)

Values are presented as number only, mean±standard deviation, or number (%).



Written informed consent was obtained from participants after a detailed explanation of the purpose and procedures of the study. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Sungkyunkwan University (No. SKKU 2023-12-051).

2. Data collection

The data collection period spanned three days, from 13 to 15 May, coinciding with the Korean national team selection tournament. We used a standardized questionnaire to examine the severe injuries experienced by the athletes and employed a random sampling method for data collection. The questionnaire was comprised of three main sections that covered the general characteristics of the participants, severe injuries to the knee, shoulder, and ankle, and post-management of severe injuries.

First, we investigated the demographic characteristics of the study participants, including age, height, weight, athletic career, and competition weight class. Next, we inquired about severe injuries, covering various aspects of each joint. The survey included questions about injury diagnoses, activities at the time of injury (wrestling technical training, competition, physical training/other activities), injury mechanisms (resisting an opponent’s roll, player collision, mat contact, noncontact/overuse), and specific maneuvers causing injury (tackle attack/defense, standing attack/defense, ground attack/defense, physical training/other activities). Finally, we examined post-injury management variables, including the need for surgery, receipt of specialized rehabilitation, medical clearance upon return to training, and RTP time after injury. RTP criteria were defined as the level at which a player could fully participate in team technical training after injury. RTP time was calculated as the period from the date of injury to the date of RTP. If a participant had multiple injuries to the same joint during their elite athlete’s career, participants were asked to report only the injury with the longest RTP time.

3. Definitions

“Time loss” refers to limited participation in training and competition due to injury, a term widely used in the sports injury literature to indicate severity. “Severe injuries” refers to those that resulted in a TL of more than 3 weeks, consistent with previous research4,5,17; limited only to those diagnosed by medical professionals in this study. “RTP time” refers to the days from injury to full participation in team technical training. “Resisting an opponent’s roll” is a contact mechanism in which athletes sustain acute injuries while resisting an opponent’s rolling force. Following the recommendations of Park et al.10, participants were classified as light or heavy classes.

4. Data analysis

Continuous variables were described as means (medians) and standard deviations, while categorical variables were described as frequencies and percentages. A chi-square test or Fisher exact test was used to compare the experience of severe injuries between the two wrestling styles and the characteristics of the severe injuries. A significance level of p=0.05 was used for all statistical analyses. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 25.0 (IBM Corp.).

Results

Table 2 shows the experience rates of severe knee, shoulder, and ankle injuries based on wrestling style. Freestyle wrestlers had a significantly higher rate of severe knee injuries than Greco-Roman wrestlers (χ2=3.872, p<0.001). Otherwise, there were no significant differences in the experience rates of severe injury by wrestling style.

Table 2 . The proportion of severe injuries experienced to the knee, shoulder, and ankle by wrestling style

Body partSevere injury experienceTotal (n=90)Greco-Roman (n=46)Freestyle (n=44)p-value
KneeYes41 (45.6)12 (26.1)29 (67.4)<0.001***
No49 (54.4)34 (73.9)15 (34.1)
ShoulderYes21 (23.3)9 (19.6)12 (27.3)0.387
No69 (76.7)37 (80.4)32 (72.7)
AnkleYes30 (33.3)17 (37.0)13 (29.5)0.456
No60 (66.7)29 (63.0)31 (70.5)

Values are presented as number (%).

***p<0.001.



Table 3 shows the characteristics of severe knee injuries. Technical training (73.2%) was the primary activity at the time of injury, with medial collateral ligament (MCL) tears (46.3%) being the most common specific diagnosis. Resisting an opponent’s roll (63.4%) was the primary mechanism, with a significant difference between wrestling styles (p=0.006). Tackle attack (36.6%) and tackle defense (17.1%) were the primary maneuvers causing severe knee injuries. There was a significant difference between wrestling styles in the specific maneuvers that caused severe knee injury (p<0.001). Surgery was required in 31.7% of cases, and only 56.1% underwent specialized rehabilitation. Only 31.7% returned to play after medical clearance, with a mean RTP time of approximately 3.5 months (median, 3.0 months).

Table 3 . Comparison of severe knee injury statistics by wrestling style

VariableTotal (n=41)Greco-Roman (n=12)Freestyle (n=29)p-value
Activity type0.848
Technical training30 (73.2)10 (83.3)20 (69.0)
Competition9 (22.0)2 (16.7)7 (24.1)
Physical training/others2 (4.9)-2 (6.9)
Diagnosis>0.999
MCL tears19 (46.3)6 (50.0)13 (44.8)
ACL tears7 (17.1)2 (16.7)5 (17.2)
Meniscus tears10 (24.4)3 (25.0)7 (24.1)
LCL tears4 (9.8)1 (8.3)3 (10.3)
PCL tears1 (2.4)-1 (3.4)
Mechanism0.006**
Resisting an opponent’s roll26 (63.4)4 (33.3)22 (75.9)
Player collision5 (12.2)3 (25.0)2 (6.9)
Mat contact3 (7.3)3 (25.0)-
Noncontact/overuse7 (17.0)2 (16.7)5 (17.2)
Specific maneuver<0.001***
Tackle attack15 (36.6)1 (8.3)14 (48.3)
Tackle defense7 (17.1)-7 (24.1)
Standing attack6 (14.6)4 (33.3)2 (6.9)
Standing defense3 (7.3)-3 (10.3)
Ground attack---
Ground defense6 (14.6)6 (50.0)-
Physical training/others4 (9.8)1 (8.3)3 (10.3)
Post-injury management
Surgery0.719
Yes13 (31.7)3 (25.0)10 (34.5)
No28 (68.3)9 (75.0)19 (65.5)
Rehabilitation0.734
Yes23 (56.1)6 (50.0)17 (58.6)
No18 (43.9)6 (50.0)12 (41.4)
Medical clearance0.719
Yes13 (31.7)3 (25.0)10 (34.5)
No28 (68.3)9 (75.0)19 (65.5)
RTP (mo), mean/median3.5/3.02.7/2.03.9/3.0

Values are presented as number (%) unless otherwise specified.

MCL: medial collateral ligament, ACL: anterior cruciate ligament, LCL: lateral collateral ligament, PCL: posterior cruciate ligament, RTP: return to play.

**p<0.01, ***p<0.001.



Table 4 shows the characteristics of severe shoulder injuries. Technical training (71.4%) was the primary activity at the time of injury, with rotator cuff tears (57.1%) being the most common specific diagnosis. Resisting an opponent’s roll (38.1%) was the primary mechanism, followed by player collision (28.6%), and noncontact/overuse (19.0%). Ground defense (38.1%) and tackle attack (33.3%) were the primary maneuvers causing severe shoulder injuries. There was a significant difference between wrestling styles in the specific maneuvers that caused severe shoulder injury (p=0.011). Surgery was required in 23.8% of cases, and only 38.1% underwent specialized rehabilitation. Only 23.8% returned to play after medical clearance, with a mean RTP time of approximately 3.1 months (median, 2.0 months).

Table 4 . Comparison of severe shoulder injury statistics by wrestling style

VariableTotal (n=21)Greco-Roman (n=9)Freestyle (n=12)p-value
Activity type0.331
Technical training15 (71.4)5 (55.6)10 (83.3)
Competition6 (28.6)4 (44.4)
Diagnosis0.674
Rotator cuff tears12 (57.1)6 (66.7)6 (50.0)
Labral tears5 (23.8)2 (22.2)3 (25.0)
Dislocation/subluxation2 (9.5)-2 (16.7)
Impingement1 (4.8)-1 (8.3)
GH ligament tears1 (4.8)1 (11.1)
Mechanism0.504
Resisting an opponent’s roll8 (38.1)4 (44.4)4 (33.3)
Player collision6 (28.6)1 (11.1)5 (41.7)
Mat contact3 (14.3)2 (22.2)1 (8.3)
Noncontact/overuse4 (19.0)2 (22.2)
Specific maneuver0.011*
Tackle attack7 (33.3)-7 (58.3)
Standing attack6 (28.6)3 (33.3)3 (25.0)
Ground defense8 (38.1)6 (66.7)2 (16.7)
Post-injury management
Surgery0.258
Yes5 (23.8)1 (11.1)4 (33.3)
No16 (76.2)8 (88.9)8 (66.7)
Rehabilitation0.067
Yes8 (38.1)1 (11.1)7 (58.3)
No13 (61.9)8 (88.9)5 (41.7)
Medical clearance0.338
Yes5 (23.8)1 (11.1)4 (33.3)
No16 (76.2)8 (88.9)8 (66.7)
RTP, mean/median3.1/2.02.0/2.03.9/3.0

Values are presented as number (%) unless otherwise specified.

GH: glenohumeral, RTP: return to play.

*p<0.05.



Table 5 shows the characteristics of severe ankle injuries. Technical training (60.0%) was the primary activity at the time of injury, with lateral ankle sprains (LAS) (83.3%) being the most common specific diagnosis. Noncontact/overuse (33.3%) and resisting an opponent’s roll (33.3%) were the primary mechanisms causing severe ankle injuries. Standing tackle (33.3%) was the primary maneuver that caused severe ankle injuries, followed by tackle attack (23.3%), and physical training/other activities (20.0%). There was a significant difference between wrestling styles in the specific maneuvers that caused severe ankle injury (p=0.002). Surgery was required in 20.0% of cases, and only 33.3% underwent specialized rehabilitation. Only 30.0% returned to play after medical clearance, with a mean RTP time of approximately 2.5 months (median, 2.0 months).

Table 5 . Comparison of severe ankle injury statistics by wrestling style

VariableTotal (n=30)Greco-Roman (n=17)Freestyle (n=13)p-value
Activity type0.674
Technical training18 (60.0)9 (52.9)9 (69.2)
Competition6 (20.0)4 (23.5)2 (15.4)
Physical training/others6 (20.0)4 (23.5)2 (15.4)
Diagnosis0.439
Lateral ankle sprain25 (83.3)14 (82.4)11 (84.6)
Deltoid ligament tears4 (13.3)3 (17.6)1 (7.7)
Lisfranc injury1 (3.3)-1 (7.7)
Mechanism0.806
Resisting an opponent’s roll10 (33.3)5 (29.4)5 (38.5)
Player collision4 (13.3)3 (17.6)1 (7.7)
Mat contact6 (20.0)4 (23.5)2 (15.4)
Noncontact/overuse10 (33.3)5 (29.4)5 (38.5)
Specific maneuver0.002**
Tackle attack7 (23.3)1 (5.9)6 (46.2)
Tackle defense2 (6.7)-2 (15.4)
Standing attack10 (33.3)8 (47.1)2 (15.4)
Standing defense2 (6.7)-2 (15.4)
Ground defense3 (10.0)3 (17.6)-
Physical training/others6 (20.0)5 (29.4)1 (7.7)
Post-injury management
Surgery>0.999
Yes6 (20.0)3 (17.6)3 (23.1)
No24 (80.0)14 (82.4)10 (76.9)
Rehabilitation0.255
Yes10 (33.3)4 (23.5)6 (46.2)
No20 (66.7)13 (65.0)7 (53.8)
Medical clearance0.123
Yes9 (30.0)3 (17.6)6 (46.2)
No21 (70.0)14 (82.4)7 (53.8)
RTP, mean/median2.5/2.02.1/2.03.0/2.0

Values are presented as number (%) unless otherwise specified.

RTP: return to play.

**p<0.01.


Discussion

This study investigated the experience of severe injuries in elite Korean male wrestlers, focusing on the knee, shoulder, and ankle. The results revealed that 41% of all participants experienced injuries resulting in a TL of ≥3 weeks to the knee, 21% to the shoulder, and 30% to the ankle. Additionally, 26% (24 out of 91 cases) of all severe injuries required surgery. Freestyle wrestlers had a significantly higher rate of severe knee injuries and tended to have longer RTP time than Greco-Roman wrestlers. In particular, the mechanisms and specific maneuvers that caused severe injury differed by wrestling style.

The current study revealed that freestyle wrestlers had a significantly higher rate of severe knee injuries than their Greco-Roman counterparts, which is consistent with the findings of earlier studies that reported a higher incidence of knee injuries in freestyle wrestlers compared to Greco-Roman wrestlers2,11. The findings of the current and previous studies suggest differences in the body parts where severe injuries occur according to wrestling style. It is reasonable to infer that such differences are due to rule distinctions, with freestyle wrestling allowing both upper and lower-body attacks, while Greco-Roman wrestling is restricted to upper-body attacks only10.

In this study, player contact (resisting an opponent’s roll, player collision) was the primary cause of severe injuries to the upper and lower extremities. In particular, resisting an opponent’s roll was the primary mechanism for severe knee and shoulder injuries. These findings are consistent with previous studies, showing that most wrestling injuries result from contact with opponents7,9. Notably, for severe knee injuries, freestyle wrestlers had more injuries while resisting an opponent’s roll, while Greco-Roman wrestlers had more injuries due to the mat contact. To conclude, contact mechanisms are a significant cause of severe injuries in wrestling players, but the specific mechanisms leading to these injuries may vary depending on the wrestling style.

Considering that tackles and standing attacks are takedown maneuvers aimed at bringing the opponent to the ground, this study is consistent with previous research in terms of maneuvers that cause injuries7-9. Additionally, this study found significant differences in specific maneuvers that caused severe injuries between wrestling styles. Freestyle wrestlers had higher rates of severe injuries during tackle activities, while Greco-Roman wrestlers had more severe injuries during standing attacks and ground defenses. These differences are explained by freestyle wrestlers primarily using grappling techniques that target the lower body, while Greco-Roman wrestlers emphasize head/neck or upper body techniques2.

The most common severe knee injuries among the wrestlers in this study were MCL tears, meniscus tears, and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. These findings are consistent with Ford et al.18, who analyzed knee injuries in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance Program wrestlers and found a high incidence of ligament, meniscus, and patella injuries. At the same time, 31% of severe knee injuries and 24% of severe shoulder injuries required surgery in this study. Notably, 100% (seven cases) of ACL tears, 50% (three cases) of meniscal tears, and 75% (three cases) of labral tears required surgery. The current findings are similar to the injury patterns reported by Otero et al.6, who reported that NCAA wrestlers most frequently underwent meniscal repair/debridement, ACL reconstruction, and labral tear repair surgery.

Concerning post-injury management, we found that more than half of the athletes did not receive specialized rehabilitation after severe injuries. In addition, approximately 70% of athletes returned to training without a medical clearance. Considering these inappropriate behaviors, proper diagnosis and specialized rehabilitation by medical professionals before returning to play may be a critical strategy to facilitate wrestling athletes’ recovery and prevent reinjury.

Freestyle wrestlers in this study showed a longer RTP time trend than Greco-Roman wrestlers after severe injuries. These findings are partially consistent with the study by Park et al.10, which showed a higher likelihood of serious injury in freestyle wrestlers than in Greco-Roman wrestlers. However, due to the limited research comparing severe injuries between wrestling styles, further research in this area is warranted.

We included wrestling-related activities and other non-wrestling activities in the survey to reflect the characteristics of Korean wrestlers, who frequently engage in physical training and other activities. The results showed that ankle injuries were also common during physical training and other activities, accounting for 20% (six cases) of all severe ankle injuries. Remarkably, four cases of LAS occurred during short soccer warm-ups before the team training. Restricting such extracurricular activities alone can directly prevent unnecessary ankle injuries in wrestlers.

This study has clinical significance as the first to analyze severe injuries in elite wrestlers according to wrestling style. However, the limitations of this study include the following: First, this study used retrospective recall to investigate experiences of severe injury. As a result, players’ reports may have been over- and underestimated. Second, while one player may sustain multiple severe injuries to the same body region, we only received responses to the single most severe injury, potentially leading to an underestimation of injury occurrence rates. Third, the athlete’s career and level of performance are important factors influencing injury incidence rates due to their association with AEs. Examining injury rates using prospective study designs is necessary to reduce bias due to the athlete’s career and game exposures. Finally, we only looked at severe knee, shoulder, and ankle injuries. Therefore, information on injuries to other body parts needs to be included.

In conclusion, the current findings suggest that the nature of severe injuries experienced by wrestlers may vary by wrestling style, highlighting the importance of developing injury prevention and management strategies tailored to each wrestling style. Future research should include more comprehensive epidemiological studies to better understand the severe injuries suffered by wrestlers.

Conflict of Interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Acknowledgments

We thank all the Korean elite wrestling athletes who participated in this study.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration: all authors. Data curation, Investigation, Resources: S Yoo, S Yoon. Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization: MS. Writing–original draft: MS, S Yoo. Writing–review & editing: MS.

References
  1. Shadgan B, Feldman BJ, Jafari S. Wrestling injuries during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Am J Sports Med 2010;38:1870-6.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  2. Yard EE, Comstock RD. A comparison of pediatric freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling injuries sustained during a 2006 US national tournament. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2008;18:491-7.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  3. Soligard T, Palmer D, Steffen K, et al. New sports, COVID-19 and the heat: sports injuries and illnesses in the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics. Br J Sports Med :bjsports-2022-106155.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  4. Darrow CJ, Collins CL, Yard EE, Comstock RD. Epidemiology of severe injuries among United States high school athletes: 2005-2007. Am J Sports Med 2009;37:1798-805.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  5. Kay MC, Register-Mihalik JK, Gray AD, Djoko A, Dompier TP, Kerr ZY. The epidemiology of severe injuries sustained by National Collegiate Athletic Association student-athletes, 2009-2010 through 2014-2015. J Athl Train 2017;52:117-28.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  6. Otero JE, Graves CM, Bollier MJ. Injuries in collegiate wrestlers at an elite Division I NCAA wrestling program: an epidemiological study. Iowa Orthop J 2017;37:65-70.
  7. Agel J, Ransone J, Dick R, Oppliger R, Marshall SW. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men's wrestling injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988-1989 through 2003-2004. J Athl Train 2007;42:303-10.
  8. Jarret GJ, Orwin JF, Dick RW. Injuries in collegiate wrestling. Am J Sports Med 1998;26:674-80.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  9. Kroshus E, Utter AC, Pierpoint LA, et al. The first decade of web-based sports injury surveillance: descriptive epidemiology of injuries in US high school boys' wrestling (2005-2006 through 2013-2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association men's wrestling (2004-2005 through 2013-2014). J Athl Train 2018;53:1143-55.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  10. Park KJ, Lee JH, Kim HC. Injuries in male and female elite Korean wrestling athletes: a 10-year epidemiological study. Br J Sports Med 2019;53:430-5.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  11. Agarwal S, Chhikara E, Rohilla RK. Pattern of injuries in Indian wrestlers. Indian J. Musculoskeletal Radiol 2020;2:97-103.
    CrossRef
  12. Åman M, Forssblad M, Larsén K. Incidence and body location of reported acute sport injuries in seven sports using a national insurance database. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018;28:1147-58.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  13. Brewer BW. Psychological responses to sport injury. Oxf Res Encycl Psychol 2017 May 24. [Epub]. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.172
    CrossRef
  14. Haugen E. Athlete mental health and psychological impact of sport injury. Oper Tech Sports Med 2022;30:150898.
    CrossRef
  15. Lystad RP, Curtis K, Browne GJ, Mitchell RJ. Incidence, costs, and temporal trends of sports injury-related hospitalisations in Australian children over a 10-year period: a nationwide population-based cohort study. J Sci Med Sport 2019;22:175-80.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  16. Powell JR, Boltz AJ, Robison HJ, Morris SN, Collins CL, Chandran A. Epidemiology of injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association men's wrestling: 2014-2015 through 2018-2019. J Athl Train 2021;56:727-33.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  17. Sekine Y, Kamada K, Koyama T, Hoshikawa S, Uchino S, Komatsu T. Descriptive epidemiology of injuries in Japanese collegiate men's basketball: 2013/2014 to 2019/2020. Inj Epidemiol 2022;9:4.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  18. Ford K, Schaver AL, Leary S, Keith JN, Westermann RW. Return to sport after knee injuries in collegiate wrestling. Iowa Orthop J 2023;43:131-5.